Panning positions a sound within the stereo field (left to right) or, in surround sound, across multiple channels. It's a fundamental mixing tool and critical for spatial audio in games.
Types of panning:
- Stereo panning — positions between left and right speakers
- Balance panning — adjusts relative levels of existing stereo content
- Binaural panning — uses HRTF to position sounds in 3D over headphones
- Surround panning — positions across 5.1, 7.1, or Atmos speaker layouts
Panning laws: Different panning curves (laws) determine how volume is distributed. Common options are -3 dB (equal power) and -6 dB (linear). Equal power panning maintains consistent perceived loudness as sounds move across the field.
In games, panning is typically automated by the 3D audio engine based on the spatial relationship between sound sources and the listener.